Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Articles
DOI: 10.14254/1795-6889.2025.21-3.6
Submitted: 2025-12-30
Published: 2025-12-30

Human factors in PropTech adoption: Professional readiness and organisational challenges in Baltic real estate

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
University of Kalisz
PropTech human-technology interaction technology adoption professional competence organisational change real estate

Abstract

This study examines the human and organisational factors influencing the adoption of property technology (PropTech) among real estate professionals in the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia). Adopting a Human-Technology-Organisation (HTO) perspective, the research explores how professionals integrate digital tools into their daily work. Data collected via a questionnaire survey of 20 Baltic real estate executives was analysed using the Relative Importance Index (RII). The findings reveal that PropTech is primarily utilised for people-intensive functions, such as marketing, customer relations and contract administration. It serves to augment human interaction rather than replace it. The most significant barriers to adoption were found to be primarily human- and knowledge-based, including insufficient investment capital, legal ambiguity and, critically, low PropTech knowledge among employees. This knowledge deficit creates uncertainty among staff regarding the proper use of digital tools. Theoretically, the study emphasises that adoption of advanced technologies is strongly moderated by personnel availability, professional knowledge and learning processes rather than technology level itself. In practice, the results highlight the urgent need for real estate industry HR and training departments to address this knowledge gap through targeted training, knowledge transfer and dissemination of best practice. Furthermore, policy should prioritise aligning PropTech investment with human capital development.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

  1. Al Dakheel, J., Del Pero, C., Aste, N., & Leonforte, F. (2020). Smart buildings features and key performance indicators: A review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102328 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102328
  2. Al-haimi, B., Khalid, H., Zakaria, N. H., & Jasimin, T. H. (2025). Digital transformation in the real estate industry: A systematic literature review of current technologies, benefits, and challenges. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 5(1), 100340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2025.100340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2025.100340
  3. Alsharif, M. H., Jahid, A., Kelechi, A. H., & Kannadasan, R. (2023). Green IoT: A review and future research directions. Symmetry, 15(3), 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15030757 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15030757
  4. Alshibani, A., Aldossary, M. S., Hassanain, M. A., Hamida, H., Aldabbagh, H., & Ouis, D. (2024). Investigation of the driving power of the barriers affecting BIM adoption in construction management through ISM. Results in Engineering, 24, 102987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102987
  5. Altuwaim, A., AlTasan, A., & Almohsen, A. (2023). Success criteria for applying construction technologies in residential projects. Sustainability, 15(8), 6854. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086854
  6. Anderies, Adidarma, R., Chanyassen, M. L., Imanuel, A., & Chowanda, A. (2023). The application of augmented reality to generate realistic interaction in the property sector. Procedia Computer Science, 227, 582–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.561 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.561
  7. Ashour, Z., & Yan, W. (2020). BIM-powered augmented reality for advancing human-building interaction. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (Vol. 1, pp. 169–178). https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2020.1.169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2020.1.169
  8. Ata, O. W., Alsalfiti, M. S., & Rabaya, K. S. (2025). Building information modeling adoption in the Palestinian construction industry: Influencing factors, external determinants, and technology acceptance. International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 21(4), 482–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2024.2423611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2024.2423611
  9. Binoy, B. V., Naseer, M. A., & Anil Kumar, P. P. (2020). A methodology for identifying critical factors influencing land value in urban areas: A case study of Kerala, India. Property Management, 38(5), 665–681. https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-01-2020-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-01-2020-0004
  10. Brown, R. W. J. (2018). #Proptech: A guide to how property technology is changing how we live, work and invest. Casametro Ltd.
  11. Center for Real Estate Technology & Innovation (CRETI). (2024). 2024 Proptech venture capital report.
  12. Chen, X., Liu, F., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., GhaffarianHoseini, A., & Guo, B. (2025). From Construction 4.0 to Construction 5.0: principles and enabling technologies. In A. GhaffarianHoseini, A. Ghaffarianhoseini, F. Rahimian, & M. Babu Purushothaman (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Built Environment (SASBE 2024) (Vol. 591, pp. 915–927). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4051-5_88 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4051-5_88
  13. Ciaramella, A., & Dall’Orso, M. (2021). Adapting to changełdots or driving change? An open-source approach. In Urban Regeneration and Real Estate Development: Turning Real Estate Assets into Engines for Sustainable Socio-economic Progress (pp. 27–35). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67623-0_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67623-0_3
  14. Clayton, J., Fabozzi, F. J., Giliberto, S. M., Gordon, J. N., Liang, Y., MacKinnon, G., & Mansour, A. (2019). The world’s oldest asset class enters the 21st century: How technology is transforming real estate investment. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 45(7), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2019.45.7.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2019.45.7.014
  15. Dahbi, A., Laaouan, I., Hajji, R., & Ben Brahim, Y. (2022). A cloud-based mobile augmented reality application for BIM collaboration. In 2022 the 6th International Conference on Virtual and Augmented Reality Simulations (pp. 27–33). https://doi.org/10.1145/3546607.3546612 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3546607.3546612
  16. Das, D., Bhattacharjee, N., & Boro, D. (2025). Real-time IoT data analysis for HVAC system maintenance. Engineering Research Express, 7(3), 0352b4. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae0107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae0107
  17. Deep, S., Vishnoi, S., Malhotra, R., Mathur, S., Yawale, H., Kumar, A., & Singla, A. (2025). Influence of augmented reality and virtual reality on real estate investment decisions: Understand consumer perspective in Indian AEC industry. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 32(2), 1122–1140. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-04-2023-0327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-04-2023-0327
  18. DeLisle, J. R., Never, B., & Grissom, T. V. (2020). The big data regime shift in real estate. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 38(4), 363–395. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-10-2019-0134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-10-2019-0134
  19. Deloitte Center for Financial Services. (2017). Blockchain in commercial real estate: The future is here! Deloitte Development LLC.
  20. Desai, V. P., D’souza, L., Singh, A., and Bhadauria, V. (2025). Evaluation of factors that impede the use of Construction 4.0 technologies for construction safety management. Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 15(1), 0003. https://doi.org/10.32738/JEPPM-2025-0003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32738/JEPPM-2025-0003
  21. Dixit, M. K., Venkatraj, V., Ostadalimakhmalbaf, M., Pariafsai, F., & Lavy, S. (2019). Integration of facility management and building information modeling (BIM): A review of key issues and challenges. Facilities, 37(7/8), 455–483. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-03-2018-0043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/F-03-2018-0043
  22. Durdyev, S., Mbachu, J., Thurnell, D., Zhao, L., & Hosseini, M. R. (2021). BIM adoption in the Cambodian construction industry: Key drivers and barriers. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(4), 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040215
  23. El Jaouhari, A., Samadhiya, A., Kumar, A., Chokshi, H., Šešplaukis, A., & Raslanas, S. (2025). Tokenization and the future of property investment: A new paradigm for real estate. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 29(4), 297–315. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2025.24814 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2025.24814
  24. Emedo, C., Wada, O. Z., Clement David-Olawade, A., Ling, J., Esan, D. T., Ijiwade, J., & Olawade, D. B. (2025). AI-driven transformations in smart buildings: A review of energy efficiency and sustainable operations. Digital Engineering, 7, 100068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dte.2025.100068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dte.2025.100068
  25. ESCP Business School. (2024). PropTech Global Trends 2024 Annual Barometer. ESCP Business School; Gouvernement Princier. Retrieved from https://eme.gouv.mc/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/EME_BarometrePropTech_2024_Web-5.pdf
  26. Fernandes, L. L. A., Costa, D. B., & Hastak, M. (2024). Assessing social, technical, and operational maturity dimensions for digital transformation in the construction phase. In D. B. Costa, F. Drevland, & L. Florez-Perez (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC32) (pp. 1232–1243). https://doi.org/10.24928/2024/0214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24928/2024/0214
  27. Fonseca Arenas, N., & Shafique, M. (2023). Recent progress on BIM-based sustainable buildings: State of the art review. Developments in the Built Environment, 15, 100176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100176
  28. Fourkiotis, K. P., & Tsadiras, A. (2023). Comparing machine learning techniques for house price prediction. In I. Maglogiannis, L. Iliadis, J. MacIntyre, & M. Dominguez (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations (Vol. 676, pp. 292–303). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34107-6_23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34107-6_23
  29. Gimbel, K., & Newsome, J. (2015). Using qualitative methods in a quantitative survey research agenda (L. R. Atkeson & R. M. Alvarez, Eds.; Vol. 1). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.8
  30. Hill, R. J., & Trojanek, R. (2022). An evaluation of competing methods for constructing house price indexes: The case of Warsaw. Land Use Policy, 120, 106226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106226
  31. Hill, R. J., Pfeifer, N., Steurer, M., & Trojanek, R. (2024). Warning: Some transaction prices can be detrimental to your house price index. Review of Income and Wealth, 70(2), 320–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12652 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12652
  32. Holt, G. D. (2014). Asking questions, analysing answers: Relative importance revisited. Construction Innovation, 14(1), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-06-2012-0035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-06-2012-0035
  33. Jacob, C. B., & Asha, K. (2023). Real-estate housing market analytics and prediction using big data for post pandemic era. In A. Abraham, T. Hanne, N. Gandhi, P. Manghirmalani Mishra, A. Bajaj, & P. Siarry (Eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition (SoCPaR 2022) (Vol. 648, pp. 80–89). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27524-1_9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27524-1_9
  34. Jamaludin, A. F., & Mustafa, M. H. (2025). Mapping the evolution and impact of big data applications in real estate market: A bibliometric analysis. Property Management, 43(4), 582–599. https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-11-2024-0114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-11-2024-0114
  35. Kalogiannidis, S., Kalfas, D., Papaevangelou, O., Giannarakis, G., & Chatzitheodoridis, F. (2024). The role of artificial intelligence technology in predictive risk assessment for business continuity: A case study of Greece. Risks, 12(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12020019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12020019
  36. Kandipati, A. (2025). A systematic literature review on artificial intelligence based techniques for nurturing operations in real estate sector. Journal of Real Estate Literature, 33(2), 61–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/09277544.2025.2466370 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09277544.2025.2466370
  37. Kapingura, F.M., & Sanusi, K.A. (2024). Housing prices in South African economy: Investigating macroeconomic drivers using time-varying approach. Journal of International Studies, 17(1), 155-173. doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2024/17-1/9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2024/17-1/9
  38. Kassner, A. J., Cajias, M., & Zhu, B. (2023). The PropTech investors’ dilemma – What are the key success factors that secure survival? Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 41(1), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-01-2022-0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-01-2022-0007
  39. Khan, S., & Panuwatwanich, K. (2021). Applicability of building information modeling integrated augmented reality in building facility management. In C. M. Wang, V. Dao, & S. Kitipornchai (Eds.), EASEC16 (Vol. 101, pp. 2139–2148). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8079-6_196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8079-6_196
  40. Khan, S., Panuwatwanich, K., & Usanavasin, S. (2024). Integrating building information modeling with augmented reality: Application and empirical assessment in building facility management. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 31(7), 2809–2828. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-12-2021-1146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-12-2021-1146
  41. Kim, J., & Kim, J. (2021). An integrated analysis of value-based adoption model and information systems success model for PropTech service platform. Sustainability, 13(23), 12974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312974 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312974
  42. Kim, J., Cho, A., & Kim, J. (2022). Effect of the standardization of service platforms for high-involvement PropTech services. Sustainability, 14(9), 5036. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095036
  43. Ladha, V. L., & Ladha, A. (2025). Fintech as a catalyst for environmental, social and governance excellence across industries. In A. Sharma, J. Kumar, & S. Arora (Eds.), Technological Innovation and AI for Sustainable Development in Events and Festivals (pp. 263–276). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781836990185.0022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781836990185.0022
  44. Le, D. N., Le Tuan, L., & Dang Tuan, M. N. (2019). Smart-building management system: An Internet-of-Things (IoT) application business model in Vietnam. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 141, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.01.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.01.002
  45. Liao, Y., & Luo, H. (2025). Real-time defect detection and carbon footprint visualization in green construction using mobile augmented reality and building information modeling. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 19(09), 92–106. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v19i09.55579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v19i09.55579
  46. Liu, L., & Mishra, A. R. (2022). Enabling technologies challenges of green Internet of Things (IoT) towards sustainable development in the era of Industry 4.0. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 30(2), 344–375. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.16520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.16520
  47. Liu, Z., Li, M., & Ji, W. (2025). Development and application of a digital twin model for Net zero energy building operation and maintenance utilizing BIM-IoT integration. Energy and Buildings, 328, 115170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115170
  48. Mukayev, D., Shalbolova, U., & Tanaś, J. (2022). Housing affordability analysis in Kazakhstan based on D-HAQ model. Journal of International Studies, 15(4), 28-42. doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-4/2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-4/2
  49. Marasinghe, R., & Amarawickrama, S. (2024). Determinants of office rents: The role of physical and locational characteristics in Colombo. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 42(1), 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-11-2022-0080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-11-2022-0080
  50. Mattarocci, G., & Scimone, X. (2022). Financing Instruments: Focus on P2P Lending and Crowdfunding. In The New Era of Real Estate: An Analysis of Business Models in the Proptech Industry (pp. 83–117). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16731-7_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16731-7_5
  51. Ocampo, J. (2024). Barriers to technology acceptance faced by PropTech start-ups. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 28(1/2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEIM.2024.140354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEIM.2024.140354
  52. Olofsson Hallén, K., Forsman, M., & Eriksson, A. (2023). Interactions between human, technology and organization in building information modelling (BIM) – A scoping review of critical factors for the individual user. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 97, 103480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2023.103480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2023.103480
  53. Olugboyega, O., Ilesanmi, K. E., Oseghale, G. E., & Aigbavboa, C. (2024). The link between construction apps’ acceptance and digital attributes of construction professionals: Perspectives from digital competence model. Construction Innovation, 24(4), 912–932. https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-04-2022-0094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-04-2022-0094
  54. Owusu-Manu, D., Edwards, D. J., Badu, E., Donkor-Hyiaman, K. A., & Love, P. E. D. (2015). Real estate infrastructure financing in Ghana: Sources and constraints. Habitat International, 50, 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.07.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.07.008
  55. Oza, V. J., Nikte, A., Bhanushali, V., & Rote, U. (2024). Smart contracts and tokenization: revolutionizing real estate transactions with blockchain technology. In 2024 International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT) (pp. 1598–1604). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICT60155.2024.10544886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICT60155.2024.10544886
  56. Paavo, J. P., Rodríguez-Puentes, R., & Chigbu, U. E. (2025). Practicality of blockchain technology for land registration: A Namibian case study. Land, 14(8), 1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081626 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081626
  57. Perry, V. G., Martin, K., & Schnare, A. (2023). Algorithms for all: can AI in the mortgage market expand access to homeownership? AI, 4(4), 888–903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ai4040045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ai4040045
  58. Petrescu, C., Grosu, V., Melega, A., & Dascălu, I. (2025). The importance of research and development investments in boosting organisational performance and resilience in the context of overlapping crises. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2025.21-3.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2025.21-3.13
  59. Pham Van, B., Wong, P., & Abbasnejad, B. (2025). A systematic review of criteria influencing the integration of BIM and Immersive Technology in building projects. Journal of Information Technology in Construction, 30, 243–297. https://doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2025.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2025.011
  60. Phan, T., & Boge, K. (2023). The Norwegian proptech market – an incubator for game changers. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1176(1), 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1176/1/012002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1176/1/012002
  61. Plohl, N., & Čuš Babič, N. (2024). Using the UTAUT2 components and trust to predict consumer acceptance of smart home technology: A systematic review. Human Technology, 20(1), 93–113. https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2024.20-1.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2024.20-1.5
  62. Pralhad, G. P., Abhishek, S., Chounde, R., Kachare, T., Deshpande, O., & Tapadiya, P. (2021). Voice controlled augmented reality for real estate. In 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Vision (AIMV) (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/AIMV53313.2021.9670978 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/AIMV53313.2021.9670978
  63. PropTech Lithuania. (2025). PropTech Lithuania. Retrieved from https://proptechlithuania.com/en/
  64. Qiu, Z., Wang, S., Hou, Y., & Xu, S. (2023). What drives infrastructure participants to adopt digital technology: A nexus of internal and external factors. Sustainability, 15(23), 16229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316229 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316229
  65. Rojek, I., Mikołajewski, D., Mroziński, A., Macko, M., Bednarek, T., & Tyburek, K. (2025). Internet of things applications for energy management in buildings using artificial intelligence – A case study. Energies, 18(7), 1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071706 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071706
  66. Saari, A., Junnila, S., & Vimpari, J. (2022). Blockchain’s grand promise for the real estate sector: A systematic review. Applied Sciences, 12(23), 11940. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122311940 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app122311940
  67. Saiz, A. (2020). Bricks, mortar, and proptech: The economics of IT in brokerage, space utilization and commercial real estate finance. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 38(4), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-10-2019-0139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-10-2019-0139
  68. Sarvari, H., Chan, D. W. M., Rakhshanifar, M., Banaitiene, N., & Banaitis, A. (2020). Evaluating the impact of building information modeling (BIM) on mass house building projects. Buildings, 10(2), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10020035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10020035
  69. Saull, A., Baum, A., & Braesemann, F. (2020). Can digital technologies speed up real estate transactions? Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 38(4), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-09-2019-0131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-09-2019-0131
  70. Seagraves, P. (2024). Real Estate Insights: Is the AI revolution a real estate boon or bane? Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 42(2), 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-05-2023-0045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-05-2023-0045
  71. Semeraro, C., Biyrouti, S. J. A., Abdelkareem, M. A., & Olabi, A. G. (2025). Digital twin-driven innovation in smart and green building: A structured review and research agenda. International Journal of Thermofluids, 29, 101393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101393 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101393
  72. Shirowzhan, S., Sepasgozar, S. M. E., Edwards, D. J., Li, H., & Wang, C. (2020). BIM compatibility and its differentiation with interoperability challenges as an innovation factor. Automation in Construction, 112, 103086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103086
  73. Siderska, J., Alsqour, M., & Alsaqoor, S. (2023). Employees’ attitudes towards implementing robotic process automation technology at service companies. Human Technology, 19(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2023.19-1.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2023.19-1.3
  74. Siew, R. Y. J., & al-Kilidar, H. (2010). An exploratory study of HRM: Configurations and practices across publicly-listed Australian and Malaysian construction companies. The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture, and Change Management: Annual Review, 10(1), 385–402. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9524/CGP/v10i01/49868 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9524/CGP/v10i01/49868
  75. Sonkor, M. S., & García De Soto, B. (2025). Using ChatGPT in construction projects: Unveiling its cybersecurity risks through a bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Construction Management, 25(7), 741–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2024.2355782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2024.2355782
  76. Souza, L. A., Koroleva, O., Worzala, E., Martin, C., Becker, A., & Derrick, N. (2021). The technological impact on real estate investing: robots vs humans: new applications for organisational and portfolio strategies. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 39(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-12-2020-0137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-12-2020-0137
  77. Starr, C. W., Saginor, J., & Worzala, E. (2021). The rise of PropTech: Emerging industrial technologies and their impact on real estate. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 39(2), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-08-2020-0090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-08-2020-0090
  78. Szumilo, N., & Wiegelmann, T. (2024). Real estate insights AI: Real estate’s new roommate – the good, the bad and the algorithmic. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 42(2), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-01-2024-0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-01-2024-0001
  79. Tagliaro, C., Pomè, A. P., Ciaramella, A., & Bellintani, S. (2025a). PropTech. The potential of technology in the built environment. In PROPerty TECHnology—Insights from the Joint Research Partnership on Digital Transformation in Real Estate and Construction (pp. 121–162). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-87472-7_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-87472-7_5
  80. Tagliaro, C., Pomè, A. P., Migliore, A., & Danivska, V. (2025b). Technology “like a fork”. How PropTech shapes real estate innovation. Journal of European Real Estate Research, 18(1), 4–26. https://doi.org/10.1108/JERER-05-2024-0035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JERER-05-2024-0035
  81. Tan, Z., & Miller, N. G. (2023). Connecting digitalization and sustainability: Proptech in the real estate operations and management. Journal of Sustainable Real Estate, 15(1), 2203292. https://doi.org/10.1080/19498276.2023.2203292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19498276.2023.2203292
  82. Tiwari, P., & Miao, J. T. (Eds.). (2022). A Research Agenda for Real Estate. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839103933 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839103933
  83. Tran, T. V., Tran, H. V. V., & Nguyen, T. A. (2024). A review of challenges and opportunities in BIM adoption for construction project management. Engineering Journal, 28(8), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2024.28.8.79 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2024.28.8.79
  84. Trojanek, R., Gluszak, M., Kufel, P., & Trojanek, M. (2023). Discovering the determinants of house prices dynamics in Poland using Bayesian Model Averaging. Economics & Sociology, 16(1), 44–67. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2023/16-1/3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2023/16-4/4
  85. Ullah, F., Sepasgozar, S. M. E., & Wang, C. (2018). A systematic review of smart real estate technology: Drivers of, and barriers to, the use of digital disruptive technologies and online platforms. Sustainability, 10(9), 3142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093142
  86. Ullah, F., Sepasgozar, S. M. E., Thaheem, M. J., & Al-Turjman, F. (2021). Barriers to the digitalisation and innovation of Australian smart real estate: A managerial perspective on the technology non-adoption. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 22, 101527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101527
  87. Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186–204. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926
  88. Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540
  89. Venkateswarlu, N., & Sathiyamoorthy, M. (2025). Sustainable innovations in digital twin technology: A systematic review about energy efficiency and indoor environment quality in built environment. Frontiers in Built Environment, 11, 1523464. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1523464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1523464
  90. Veuger, J. (2018). Trust in a viable real estate economy with disruption and blockchain. Facilities, 36(1/2), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-11-2017-0106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/F-11-2017-0106
  91. Veuger, J. (2020). Dutch blockchain, real estate and land registration. Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law, 12(2), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPPEL-11-2019-0053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPPEL-11-2019-0053
  92. Wach, K., Duong, C. D., Ejdys, J., Kazlauskaitė, R., Korzynski, P., Mazurek, G., Paliszkiewicz, J., & Ziemba, E. (2023). The dark side of generative artificial intelligence: A critical analysis of controversies and risks of ChatGPT. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 11(2), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2023.110201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2023.110201
  93. Wang, Y. (2022). Analyzing the mechanism of strategic orientation towards digitization and organizational performance settings enduring employee resistance to innovation and performance capabilities. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1006310. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1006310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1006310
  94. Waqar, A., Othman, I., Saad, N., Azab, M., & Khan, A. M. (2023). BIM in green building: Enhancing sustainability in the small construction project. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 11, 100149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2023.100149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2023.100149
  95. Xu, J., & Lu, W. (2022). Developing a human-organization-technology fit model for information technology adoption in organizations. Technology in Society, 70, 102010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102010
  96. Zhang, L., Ci, L., Wu, Y., & Wiwatanapataphee, B. (2025). The real estate tokenized investment system based on ethereum blockchain. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 18(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-024-01828-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-024-01828-2
  97. Zhao, W., Pobbathi, L., Ramprasath, S., & Patibandla, M. (2024). Generative AI for smart contracts in real estate business. In 2024 11th International Conference on Dependable Systems and Their Applications (DSA), Taicang, Suzhou, China, 2024 (pp. 49–59). https://doi.org/10.1109/DSA63982.2024.00018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/DSA63982.2024.00018

How to Cite

Banaitiene, N., Cataldo, I., & Banaitis, A. (2025). Human factors in PropTech adoption: Professional readiness and organisational challenges in Baltic real estate. Human Technology, 21(3), 596–619. https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2025.21-3.6