Abstract
The extent and quality of social support for learning provided by warm experts has received limited scholarly attention. Using a sequential exploratory mixed-methods approach, and a point of departure in theory regarding opportunities for and barriers to learning, the study starts with qualitative interviews with 22 individuals aged 70-94. Relationships between older adults and their children and grandchildren are analyzed, and experiences of opportunities and barriers for learning are identified. These findings are operationalized into items in a survey distributed to a representative sample of Sweden’s population aged 65-90 (n=1,610), to measure variations in the quantity and quality of social support for learning. Findings reveals that children are mainly engaged as warm experts, and the more frequently families meet, the more frequently support for learning takes place, and the higher the perceived quality. Age, income and education, show no relationship with the perceived quality of social support for learning.
Metrics
References
- Ahlberg, J., Roman, C., Duncan, S. (2008). Actualizing the ‘Democratic Family’? Swedish Policy Rhetoric versus Family Practices. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 15(1), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxn003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxn003
- Bakardjieva, M. (2005). Internet Society: The Internet in Everyday Life. Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446215616
- Barrantes Cáceres, R. & Cozzubo Chaparro, A. (2019). Age for learning, age for teaching: the role of inter-generational, intra-household learning in Internet use by older adults in Latin America. Information, Communication & Society, 22(2), 250–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1371785 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1371785
- Cabrera, N. L. (2011). Using a sequential exploratory mixed‐method design to examine racial hyperprivilege in higher education. New Directions for Institutional Research. 2011(151): 77–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ir.400
- Comunello, F., Fernández Ardèvol, M., Mulargia, S., & Belotti, F. (2017). Women, youth and everything else: age-based and gendered stereotypes in relation to digital technology among elderly Italian mobile phone users. Media, Culture & Society, 39(6), 798–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716674363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716674363
- Courtois, C. & Verdegem, P. (2016). With a little help from my friends: an analysis of the role of social support in digital inequalities. New Media and Society, 18(8), 1508–1527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814562162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814562162
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). A Concise Introduction to Mixed Methods Research. Sage publications.
- Creswell, J. W. & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Sage publications.
- de Mello, L., & Ter-Minassian, T. (2020). Digitalisation challenges and opportunities for subnational governments. OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism, 31, OECD Publishing.
- DESI (Digital Economy and Society Index) 2022. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/88764.
- Digg (2023). Vi digitaliserar Sverige [We digitalise Sweden]. https://www.digg.se/
- Friemel, T. N. (2016). The digital divide has grown old: Determinants of a digital divide among seniors. New Media & Society, 18(2), 313–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814538648 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814538648
- Hepp, A. (2019). Deep Mediatization. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351064903
- Helsper, E. J. & van Deursen, A. J. A. M. (2017). Do the rich get digitally richer? Quantity and quality of support for digital engagement. Information. Communication and Society, 20(5), 700–714. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1203454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1203454
- Hänninen, R., Taipale, S., & Luostari, R. (2021). Exploring heterogeneous ICT use among older adults: the warm experts’ perspective. New Media & Society, 23(6), 1584–1601. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820917353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820917353
- Illeris, K. (2017). How we learn: learning and non-learning in school and beyond. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315537382
- Kvale, S. & Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. Sage Publications.
- Kärnä, E., Aavikko, L., Rohner, R., Gallistl, V., Pihlainen, K., Müller, C., ... & Korjonen-Kuusipuro, K. (2022). A multilevel model of older adults’ appropriation of ICT and acquisition of digital literacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315714
- Leong, L. (2017). Mobile Myanmar: The development of a mobile app culture in Yangon. Mobile Media & Communication, 5(2), 139-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157917689950 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157917689950
- Llorente-Barroso, C., Sánchez-Valle, M. & Viñarás-Abad, M. (2023). The role of the Internet in later life autonomy: Silver surfers in Spain. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01536-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01536-x
- Marston, H. R., & Van Hoof, J. (2019). “Who doesn’t think about technology when designing urban environments for older people?” A case study approach to a proposed extension of the WHO’s age-friendly cities model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 1-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193525
- Martínez, C. & Olsson, T. (2022). The warm expert – a warm teacher? Intergenerational learning about digital media. Convergence – the International Journal of New Media Technologies, 28(6), 1861-1877. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565211070409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565211070409
- Neville, S. J. (2021). The domestication of privacy-invasive technology on YouTube: Unboxing the Amazon Echo with the online warm expert. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 27(5), 1288-1307. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856520970729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856520970729
- Madsen, C. & Kræmmergaard, P. (2016). Warm Experts in the Age of Mandatory E-Government: Interaction among Danish Single Parents regarding Online Application for Public Benefits. Electronic Journal of E-government, 14(1), 87–98.
- Olsson, T. & Viscovi, D. (2018). Warm experts for elderly users: who are they and what do they do? Human Technology, 14(3), 324-342. https://doi.org/10.17011/ht/urn.201811224836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17011/ht/urn.201811224836
- Olsson, T. & Viscovi, D. (2020). Who Actually Becomes a Silver Surfer?: Prerequisites for Digital Inclusion. Javnost – The Public, 27(3), 230-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2020.1794403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2020.1794403
- Olsson, T. & Viscovi, D. (2023). Digitalised Welfare : Access, Usage, and Outcomes Among Older Adults. Media and Communication, 11(3), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i3.6694 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i3.6694
- Olsson, T., Samuelsson, U. & Viscovi, D. (2019a). At risk of exclusion? : Degrees of ICT access and literacy among senior citizens. Information, Communication and Society, 22(1), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118810852 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1355007
- Olsson, T., Samuelsson, U. & Viscovi, D. (2019b). Resources and repertoires: elderly online practices. European Journal of Communication, 34(1), 38-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118810852 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118810852
- Oreglia, E. & Ling, R. (2018). Popular Digital Imagination: Grass-Root Conceptualization of the Mobile Phone in the Global South. Journal of Communication, 68(3), 570–589. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy013
- O’Sullivan, S. & Walker, C. (2018). From the interpersonal to the internet: Social service digitisation and the implications for vulnerable individuals and communities. Australian Journal of Political Science, 53(4), 490-507. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2018.1519064 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2018.1519064
- Pihlainen, K., Korjonen-Kuusipuro, K., & Kärnä, E. (2021). Perceived benefits from non-formal digital training sessions in later life: views of older adult learners, peer tutors, and teachers. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 40(2), 155-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2021.1919768
- Pors, A. & Schou, J. (2021). Street-level morality at the digital frontlines: An ethnographic study of moral mediation in welfare work. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 43(2), 154-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2020.1782137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2020.1782137
- Sætra, H. S. & Fosch-Villaronga, E. (2021). Healthcare digitalisation and the changing nature of work and society. Healthcare, 9(8), 2-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081007
- Sawchuk, K. & Lafontaine, C. (2022). Tech Mentors, Warm Experts and Digital Care Work: Pandemic Lessons from a Remote Digital Literacy Training Program for Older Adults. In Q. Gao & J. Zhou, (Eds.), Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. Design, Interaction and Technology Acceptance. HCII 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13330. Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05581-2_30
- Schou, J. & Hjelholt, M. (2018). Digitalization and Public Sector Transformations. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76291-3
- Statistics Sweden (2022). Efter 60: En beskrivning av äldre i Sverige. [After age 60. A description of older people in Sweden] Demografiska rapporter, 2022:2. SCB.
- van Dijk, J. (2020). The Digital Divide. Polity.
