Abstract
This paper presents a case study on a robotic medication-dispensing service used in the everyday lives of older people in Finnish Lapland through the concept of domestication. The study took an ethnographic approach. A total of 11 service users, practical nurses, and other health-care professionals participated; the service users averaged age 81 years (M= 81.4, SD = 5.4). The data comprised semistructured interviews complemented by observations and photographs at service users’ homes. We concluded that the domestication of the service was successful, although the service users sometimes felt that it limited their lives. The service users stated that learning and subsequently using the service was easy with social network support. The participants indicated their reasons for hesitation in using the service related primarily to concerns in trying new technology, the technical features of the robot, and cognitive or physical difficulties. The service supports “aging in place,” which is in line with the Finnish care policy.
Metrics
References
- Airola, E., Rasi, P., & Outila, M. (2020). Older people as users and non-users of a video conferencing service for promoting social connectedness and well-being: A case study from Finnish Lapland. Educational Gerontology, 46(5), 258–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2020.1743008
- Alaiad, A., & Zhou, L. (2014). The determinants of home healthcare robots adoption: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 83(11), 825–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014.07.003 Bakardjieva, M. (2010). Internet society: The internet in everyday life. London, England: Sage.
- Barthes, R. (1977). Image music text (S. Heath, Trans.). London, England: Fontana Press.
- Black, A. D., Car, J., Pagliari, C., Anandan, C., Cresswell, K., Bokun, T., McKinstry, B., Majeed, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The impact of ehealth on the quality and safety of health care: A systematic overview. PLoS Med, 8(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000387
- Boulton-Lewis, G. M., Buys, L., & Lovie-Kitchin, J. (2006). Learning and active aging. Educational Gerontology, 32(4), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270500494030
- Bouzida, F. (2014). The semiological analysis in media studies: Roland Barthes approach. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities (pp. 1001–1007). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d48e/471863708654dc312f62362320451e104740.pdf
- Chen, S., & Powell, J. L. (2019). “Aging in community’’: Historical and comparative study of aging welfare and social policy. In T.-k. Jing, S. Kuhnle, Y. Pan, & S. Chen (Eds.), Aging welfare and social policy: China and the Nordic countries in comparative perspective (pp. 55–69). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
- Deutsch, I., Eral, H., Paz, M., Hoffman, G., & Zuckerman, O. (2019). Home robotic devices for older adults: Opportunities and concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 98(9), 122–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.002
- Eurobarometer. (2012, September). Public attitudes towards robots (Special Eurobarometer 382). Brussels, Belgium: European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_382_sum_en.pdf Eysenbach, G. (2001). What is e-health? Journal of Medical Internet Research, 3(2), e20. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3.2.e20
- Fang, M. L., Siden, E., Korol, A., Demestihas, M-A., Sixsmith, J., & Sixsmith, A. (2018). A scoping review exploration of the intended and unintended consequences of eHealth on older people: A health equity impact
- assessment. Human technology, 14(3), 297–323. https://doi.org/10.17011/ht/urn.201811224835 Fetterman, D. M. (2010). Ethnography: Step-by-Step (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA, USA: Sage.
- Fischer, B., Peine, A., & Östlund, B. (2019). The importance of user involvement: A systematic review of involving older users in technology design. The Gerontologist, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz163
- Fischer, S. H., David, D., Crotty, B. H., Dierks, M., & Safran, C. (2014). Acceptance and use of health information technology by community-dwelling elders. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 83(9), 624–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014.06.005
- Fortunati, L. (2018). How young people experience elderly people’s use of digital technologies in everyday life. In S. Taipale, T.-A., Wilska, & C. Gilleard (Eds.), Digital technologies and generational identity: ICT usage across the life course (pp. 102–118). London, England: Routledge.
- Garçon, L., Khasnabis, C., Walker, L., Nakatani, Y., Lapitan, J., Borg, J., Ross, A., & Berumen, A. V. (2016). Medical and assistive health technology: Meeting the needs of aging population. The Gerontologist, 56(S2), S293–S302. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw005
- Gitlin, L. N. (2003). Conducting research on home environments: Lessons learned and new directions. The Gerontologist, 43(5), 628–637. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/43.5.628
- Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2000). Introduction. In J. F. Gubrium & J. A. Holstein (Eds.), Aging and everyday life (pp. 1–11). Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishers.
- Haddon, L. (2007). The contribution of domestication research to in-home computing and media consumption. The Information Society, 22(4), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240600791325
- Haddon, L. (2011). Domestication analysis, objects of study, and the centrality of technologies in everyday life. Canadian Journal of Communication, 36(2), 311–323. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/62128/
- Heart, T., & Kalderon, E. (2013). Older adults: Are they ready to adopt health-related ICT? International Journal of Medical Informatics, 82(11), e209–e231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2011.03.002
- Hirvonen, H. (2018). ICTs and client trust in the care of old people in Finland. In S. Taipale, T.-A. Wilska, & C. Gilleard (Eds.), Digital technologies and generational identity: ICT usage across the life course (pp. 119– 133). London, England: Routledge.
- Hynes, D., & Richardson, H. (2009). What use is domestication theory to information systems research? In Y. K. Dwivedi, B. Lal, M. D. Williams, S. L. Schneberger, & M. Wade (Eds.), Handbook of research on contemporary theoretical models in information systems (pp. 482–494). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-659-4.ch027
- Hynes, D., & Rommes, E. (2006). Fitting the internet into our lives: Internet courses for disadvantaged users. In T. Berker, M. Hartmann, Y. Punie, & K. J. Ward (Eds.), Domestication of media and technologies (pp. 123– 144). Berkshire, England: Open University Press.
- Junker, B. H. (1960). Field work: An introduction to the social sciences. Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press.
- Kamimura, T. (2019). Older adults with Alzheimer’s disease who have used an automatic medication dispenser for 3 or more years. Clinical Gerontologist, 41(1), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2017.1347594
- Kamimura, T., Ishiwata, R., & Inoue, T. (2012). Medication reminder device for the elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, 27(4), 238–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317512450066
- Kamimura, T., & Ito, H. (2014). Glycemic control in a 79-year-old female with mild cognitive impairment using a medication reminder device: A case report. International Psychogeriatrics, 26(6), 1045–1048. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610213002408
- Kilpeläinen, A., & Seppänen, M. (2014). Information technology and everyday life in ageing rural villages. Journal of Rural Studies, 33, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.10.005
- Kröger, T., & Bagnato, A. (2017). Care for older people in early twenty-first-century Europe: Dimensions and directions of change. In F. Martinelli, A. Anttonen, & M. Mätzke (Eds.), Social services disrupted: Changes, challenges and policy implications for Europe in times of austerity (pp. 201–217). Cheltenham, England: Elgar.
- Lie, M., & Sørensen, K. H. (1996). Making technology our own? Domesticating technology into everyday life. Oslo, Norway: Scandinavian University Press.
- Ligons, F. M., Mello-Thoms, C., Handler, S. M., Romagnoli, K. M., & Hochheiser, H. (2014). Assessing the impact of cognitive impairment on the usability of an electronic medication delivery unit in an assisted living population. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 83(11), 841–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014.07.004
- Lipponen, L. (2010). Information literacy as a situated and distributed activity. In A. Lloyd & S. Talja (Eds.), Practising information literacy: Bringing theories of learning, practice and information literacy together (pp. 51–64). Wagga Wagga, Australia: Charles Sturt University. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-876938-79-6.50003-0
- Liu, L., Stroulia, E., Nikolaidis, I., Miguel-Cruz, A., & Rincon, A. R. (2016). Smart homes and home health monitoring technologies for older adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 91, 44–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.04.007
- Ministry of Social Affairs and Health and the Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities. (2015). Information strategy for social and health care 2020. Helsinki, Finland: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health and the Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities.
- Mitzner, T. L., Savla, J., Boot, W. R., Sharit, J., Charness, N., Czaja, S. J., & Rogers, W. A. (2018). Technology adoption by older adults: Findings from the PRISM trial. The Gerontologist, 59(1), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny113
- Moon, A., Danielson, P., & Van der Loos, H. F. M. (2012). Survey-based discussion on morally contentious applications of interactive robotics. International Journal of Social Robotics, 4, 77–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-011-0120-0
- Murgic, L., Hébert, P. C., Sovic, S., & Pavlekovic, G. (2015). Paternalism and autonomy: Views of patients and providers in a transitional (post-communist) country. BMC Medical Ethics 16(65), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-015-0059-z
- Ng, C.-H. (2007). Motivation among older adults in learning computing technologies: A grounded model. Educational Gerontology, 34(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270701763845
- Penn, G. (2007). Semiotic analysis of still images. In M. W. Bauer & G. Gaskell (Eds.), Qualitative research with text, image and sound: A Practical handbook (6th ed., pp. 227–245). London, England; Sage.
- Pierson, J. (2006). Domestication at work in small businesses. In T. Berker, M. Hartmann, Y. Punie, & K. J. Ward (Eds.), Domestication of media and technologies (pp. 205–226). Berkshire, England: Open University Press. Pihlainen, K., Kärnä, E., & Tukiainen, M. (2016). Practical nurses’ competency and perceptions of technology use in home care. In S. Järvelin-Pasanen (Ed.), NES2016 - Ergonomics in theory and practice (pp. 55–58). Kuopio, Finland: Publications of the University of Eastern Finland.
- Pols, A. J. (2012). Care at distance: On the closeness of technology. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press.
- Pruchno, R. (2019). Technology and aging: An evolving partnership. The Gerontologist, 59(1), 1–5.
- https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny153
- Pu, L., Molyle, W., Jones, C., & Todorovic, M. (2018). The effectiveness of social robots for older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. The Gerontologist, 50(1), e37–e51. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny046
- Rasi, P., & Kilpeläinen, A. (2015). The digital competences and agency of older people living in rural villages in Finnish Lapland. Seminar.net: International Journal of Media, Technology & Lifelong Learning, 11(2), 149– 160. https://journals.hioa.no/index.php/seminar/article/view/2357
- Reeder, B., Demiris, G., & Marek, K. D. (2013). Older adults’ satisfaction with a medication dispensing device in home care. Informatics for Health and Social Care, 38(3), 211–222. https://doi.org/10.3109/17538157.2012.741084
- Reeder, B., Meyer, E., Lazar, A., Chaudhuri, S., Thompson, H. J., & Demiris, G. (2013). Framing the evidence for health smart homes and home-based consumer health technologies as a public health intervention for independent aging: A systematic review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 82(7), 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2013.03.007
- Russo Lemor, A. M. (2006). Making a ‘home’: The domestication of information and communication technologies in single parents’ households. In T. Berker, M. Hartmann, Y. Punie, & K. J. Ward (Eds.), Domestication of media and technologies (pp. 165–184). Berkshire, England: Open University Press.
- Savela, N., Turja, T., & Oksanen, A. (2017). Social acceptance of robots in different occupational fields: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Social Robotics, 10, 493–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-017-0452-5
- Scheerder, A. J., van Deursen, A. J., & van Dijk, J. A. (2019). Internet use in the home: Digital inequality from a domestication perspective. New Media & Society, 21, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819844299
- Schulz, R., Wahl, H.-W., Matthews, J. T., De Vito Dabbs, A., Beach, S. R., & Czaja, S. J. (2015). Advancing the aging and technology agenda in gerontology. The Gerontologist, 55(5), 724–734. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu071
- Shaw-Garlock, G. (2019). Loving machines: Theorizing human and sociable-technology interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics, 11, 679–689.
- Silverstone, R. (2006). Domesticating domestication: Reflections on the life of a concept. In T. Berker, M. Hartmann, Y. Punie, & K. J. Ward (Eds.), Domestication of media and technologies (pp. 229–248). Berkshire, England: Open University Press.
- Silverstone, R., & Haddon, L. (1996). Design and domestication of information and communication technologies: Technical change and everyday life. In R. Silverstone & R. Mansell (Eds.), Communication by design (pp. 44–74). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
- Smarr, C.-A., Mitzner, T. L., Beer, J. M., Prakash, A., Chen, T. L., Kemp, C. C., & Rogers, W. A. (2014). Domestic robots for older adults: Attitudes, preferences, and potential. International Journal of Social Robotics, 6, 229–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-013-0220-0
- Spann, A., & Stewart, E. (2018). Barriers and facilitators of older people’s mhealth usage: A qualitative review of older people. Human Technology, 14(3), 264–296. https://doi.org/10.17011/ht/urn.201811224834
- Sparrow, R., & Sparrow, L. (2006). In the hands of machines? The future of aged care. Minds and Machines, 16, 141–161. https://doi.org/0.1007/s11023-006-9030-6
- Statistics Finland. (2019). Population projection 2019: Population according to age and sex by area, 2019–2040. Statistics Finland’s PxWeb databases. http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaenn/statfin_vaenn_pxt_128v.px
- Taipale, S., Luca, F. D., Sarrica, M., & Fortunati, L. (2015). Robot shift from industrial production to social reproduction. In J. Vincent, S. Taipale, B. Sapio, G. Lugano, & L. Fortunati (Eds.), Social robots from a human perspective (pp. 11–24). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
- Talsi, N. (2014). Kodin koneet: teknologioiden kotouttaminen, käyttö ja vastustus [Mundane Machines:
- Domestication, Using and Opposing Technologies] (Doctoral dissertation, no. 75, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland). Retrieved from http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-61-1376-0
- Turner, K. J., & McGee-Lennon, M. R. (2013). Advances in telecare over the past 10 years. Smart Homecare Technology and Telehealth, 1, 21–34.
- United Nations. (2017). World population ageing. New York, NY, USA: Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
- Vuorikari, R., Punie, Y., Carretero, S., & Van den Brande, L. (2016). DigComp 2.0: The digital competence framework for citizens. Update phase 1: The conceptual reference model. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2791/11517
- Whitten, P. S., & Mackert, M. S. (2005). Addressing telehealth’s foremost barrier: Provider as initial gatekeeper. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 21(4), 517–521. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266462305050725
- Yusif, S., Soar, J., & Hafeez-Baig, A. (2016). Older people, assistive technologies, and the barriers to adoption: A systematic review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 94, 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.07.004
- Zafrani, O., & Nimrod, G. (2018). Towards a holistic approach to studying human–robot interaction in later life. The Gerontologist, 59(1), e26–e36. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny077