Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Articles
DOI: 10.14254/1795-6889.2025.21-2.6
Submitted: 2023-07-13
Published: 2025-10-12

Analyzing cyber-aggression typologies of Indonesian adolescents using second-order confirmatory factor analysis

State University of Padang, Indonesia
State University of Padang, Indonesia
State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN), Pontianak, Indonesia
State University of Padang, Indonesia
State University of Gorontalo, Indonesia
State University of Padang, Indonesia
Cyber-Aggression Adolescents Confirmatory Factor Analysis Indonesia high school student

Abstract

This study analyzed the most dominant dimension and significant indicator explaining the typology of cyber-aggression behavior among Indonesian adolescents using the second-order confirmation factor analysis (CFA) approach. The sample included 1354 senior high school adolescents, aged 18–21 years, who were recruited using the stratified random sampling method. Data were collected using a self-reporting approach. The results of the second-order CFA showed that the Controlled-Aversive latent variable, Controlled-Appetitive, Impulsive-Appetitive, and Impulsive-Aversive had loading factor indexes of 0.96, 0.85, 0.79, and 0.63, respectively. Thus, the Controlled-Aversive typology of cyber-aggression behavior was the most dominant among Indonesian adolescents. This proactive cyber-aggression behavior is manifested in the hostile behavior of planning proactively for revenge or responding in anger due to the provocation of social interaction stimuli in cyberspace.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

  1. Bedrosova, M., Machackova, H., Šerek, J., Smahel, D., & Blaya, C. (2022). The relation between the cyberhate and cyberbullying experiences of adolescents in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia. Computers in Human Behavior, 126(September 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107013
  2. Chamizo-Nieto, M. T., Rey, L., & Pellitteri, J. (2020). Gratitude and emotional intelligence as protective factors against cyber-aggression: Analysis of a mediation model. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124475
  3. Boone, W. J., Stever, J. R., & Yale, M. S. (2014). Rasch Analysis in the Human Science. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6857-4
  4. Burnap, P., & Williams, M. L. (2016). Us and them: identifying cyber hate on Twitter across multiple protected characteristics. EPJ Data Science, 5(1), 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-016-0072-6
  5. Chang, L., Krosch, A. R., & Cikara, M. (2016). Effects of Intergroup Threat on Mind, Brain, and Behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 69–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.004
  6. Furr, R. M. (2014). Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Scale Construction and Psychometrics for Social and Personality Psychology, 91–109. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446287866.n8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446287866.n8
  7. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (Eigth Edit). Pearson Education. https://doi.org/10.2307/1402480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1402480
  8. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., & Hopkins, L. (2014). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool for business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
  9. Haryono, S. (2017). Metode SEM Untuk Penelitian Manajemen AMOS LISREL PLS. Luxima.
  10. Howard, R. (2015). Personality Disorders and Violence: What is the link? Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 2(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-015-0033-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-015-0033-x
  11. Jablonska, M. R., & Polkowski, Z. (2018). Fuzzy Information and Engineering and Decision. Information and Engineering and Decision, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 646(AG 2018), 163–174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66514-6_18
  12. Jaishankar, K. (2008). Cyber Hate: Antisocial networking in the Internet. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 2(December 2008), 16–20.
  13. Kruglanski, A. W., Ellenberg, M., Szumowska, E., Molinario, E., Speckhard, A., Leander, N. P., Pierro, A., Di Cicco, G., & Bushman, B. J. (2023). Frustration–aggression hypothesis reconsidered: The role of significance quest. Aggressive Behavior, 49(5), 445–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22092
  14. Kuzior, A., Tiutiunyk, I., Zielińska, A., & Kelemen, R. (2024). Cybersecurity and cybercrime: Current trends and threats. Journal of International Studies, 17(2), 220239. doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2024/17-2/12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2024/17-2/12
  15. Kyriazos, T. A., & Stalikas, A. (2018). Applied Psychometrics: The Steps of Scale Development and Standardization Process. Psychology, 09(11), 2531–2560. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.911145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.911145
  16. Limkhunthammo, S., Phoolsawat, S., Sinarpa, K., Zibangkerd, P., Huekharnsusattru, W., Yamtim, V., & Numniam, S. (2023). Second-order confirmatory factor analysis of community innovator in thailand second-order confirmatory factor analysis of community innovator in thailand 1. In RUSSIAN LAW JOURNAL: Vol. XI. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372935360
  17. Linacre, J. M. (2011). A User’s Guide to WINSTEPS Ministeps Rasch-Model Computer Programs. https://doi.org/ISBN 0-941938-03-4
  18. Mardianto, Hanurawan, F., Chusniyah, T., & Rahmawati, H. (2020). Developing a Positive School Climate to Reduce Aggression and Cyber Aggression of Student in Social Media. Proceedings of the 1st Progress in Social Science, Humanities and Education Research Symposium (PSSHERS 2019), 464(Psshers 2019), 538–544. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200824.127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200824.127
  19. Mardianto, Hanurawan, F., Chusniyah, T., Rahmawati, H., & Hutagalung, F. D. (2021). Cyber Aggression between Intentions and Cyber Wellness of Students : An application of TPB Models. International Journal of Instruction, 14(2), 67–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.1425a
  20. Mardianto, M., Hartati, N., Aulia, F., Fikry, Z., Utami, R. H., & Magistarina, E. (2023). Contribution Threat Perception, School Climate and Prejudice as Mediator to Student’s Cyber Aggression. Journal of Cybersecurity, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyac017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyac017
  21. Maxwell, M. (2016). Rage and social media : The effect of social media on perceptions of racism , stress appraisal , and anger expression among young African American adults. Virginia Commonwealth University.
  22. Nilan, P., Burgess, H., Hobbs, M., Threadgold, S., & Alexander, W. (2015). Youth, social media, and cyberbullying among Australian youth:“Sick friends”. Social Media+ Society, 1(2), 2056305115604848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115604848
  23. Ortega-ruiz, R., & Gómez-ortiz, O. (2017). Multidimensional Social Competence , Motivation , and Cyberbullying : A Cultural Approach With Colombian and Spanish Adolescents. Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(8), 1183–1197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116687854
  24. Redmond, B. F., & Alderton, M. (2016). Intergroup Theories (Integrated Threat, Social Identity, and Social Dominance). In Confluence.
  25. Rivas-Rivero, E., & Bonilla-Algovia, E. (2022). Stressful life events: Typology of aggression and mistreatment in male perpetrators of gender-based violence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 63, 705–714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12853
  26. Roshchyk, I., Oliinyk, O., Mishchuk, H., & Bilan, Y. (2022). IT Products, E-Commerce, and Growth: Analysis of Links in Emerging Market. Transformations in Business & Economics, 21(1), 209-227.
  27. Runions, K. C., Bak, M., & Shaw, T. (2016). Disentangling Functions of Online Aggression : The Cyber-Aggression Typology Questionnaire ( CATQ ). Aggresive Behavior, 9999(June), 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21663
  28. Souza, A. C. de, Alexandre, N. M. C., & Guirardello, E. de B. (2017). Psychometric properties in instruments evaluation of reliability and validity. Epidemiol. Serv. Saude, Brasília, 26(3), 649–659. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742017000300022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742017000300022
  29. Sumintono, B., & Widhiarso, W. (2015). Aplikasi Pemodelan Rasch pada Assessment Pendidikan. Trim Komunikata.
  30. Titley, G., Keen, E., & Földi, L. (2012). Young People Combating Hate Speech On-line. Council of Europe.
  31. Tomczyk, Ł., & Szotkowski, R. (2023). Sexting, Fear Of Missing Out (FOMO), And Problematic Social Network Use Among Adolescen. Human Technology, 19(2), 283–301. https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2023.19-2.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2023.19-2.8
  32. Verona, E., & Bozzay, M. L. (2017). Biobehavioral Approaches to Aggression Implicate Perceived Threat and Insufficient Sleep: Clinical Relevance and Policy Implications. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4(2), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732217719910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732217719910
  33. Wachs, S., Wettstein, A., Bilz, L., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2022). Adolescents’ motivations to perpetrate hate speech and links with social norms TT - Motivos del discurso de odio en la adolescencia y su relación con las normas sociales. Comunicar, 30(71), 9–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3916/C71-2022-01
  34. Walters, M. A., Brown, R., & Wiedlitzka, S. (2016). Causes and Motivations of Hate Crime. In Equality and Human Rights Commission Research report (Vol. 102).
  35. Yarovenko, H., Lopatka, A., Vasilyeva, T., & Vida, I. (2023). Socio-economic profiles of countries - cybercrime victims. Economics and Sociology, 16(2), 167-194. doi:10.14254/2071-789X.2023/16-2/11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2023/16-2/11
  36. Yusuf, S., Al-Majdhoub, F. M., Mubin, N. N., Chaniago, R. H., & Khan, F. R. (2021). Cyber Aggression-Victimization Among Malaysians Youth. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(1), 240–260. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i1.12616 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i1.12616

How to Cite

Mardianto, M., Afdal, A., Saputra, R. ., Netrawati, N., Rafiola, R. H., & Ardi, Z. (2025). Analyzing cyber-aggression typologies of Indonesian adolescents using second-order confirmatory factor analysis. Human Technology, 21(2), 360–373. https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2025.21-2.6